• Reform movements of the early 20th century demanded that government regulate child labor, food processing and packaging, and working and living conditions for the labor classes.
• The spoils tradition was diluted in 1881 when Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker, killed president James Garfield because he wasn’t given a government job
• After the assassination of Garfield congress passed the Pendleton act this then created a merit-based federal civil service
• It was meant too replace the patronage with principles of federal employment on the bases of open competitive exams
• the Pendleton act created a threw member civil service commission to administer the new merit system
• The Pendleton act created the civil service commission two years later this commission reformed the spoils system
• The spoils system rewarded supporters of a winning party with spoils or post in that parties government
• The Pendleton act classified jobs, removed them from the patronage ranks and set up a civil service commission to administer a system based on merit rather then political connection
• As mentioned earlier, President Hayes's advocacy of civil service reform put him on a collision course with Congressional bosses.
• He removed Chester Arthur and Alonzo Cornell from the New York City Customs House for failure to carry out reforms. Both were underlings of New York Senator and Republican political boss Roscoe Conkling, who thought it an attack on him or his machine.
• Conkling invoked senatorial privilege and got the Senate to withhold consent for replacements for months.
• President Hayes stuck to his guns, however, and eventually got enough Democratic support to get his appointees approved.
• When President James A. Garfield was assassinated four months after assuming office, people were shocked to discover that the assassin was a disgruntled office seeker who had been trying to get a position in Garfield’s administration.
• Garfield had showed great promise before his assassination, and support for civil service reform grew significantly. The reason behind the assassination attempt, along with evidence of fraud in government, especially in the Bureau of Indian Affairs and in railroad supervision, led to the founding of the National Civil Service Reform League in 1881.

Definition of Urbanization:

• To make more indutsialized and urban.
• To cause the migration of an increasing proportion  of rural dwellers into cities.

The causes of urbanization:

• Cheaper land and housing costs in the suburbs as compared to urban centers has lured many to settle in these area's.
• There has been an increase in public spending for the development of infrastructure like roads, water and electricity in the suburbs than in existing urban centers, thus adding benefits to life in sprawls.
• There has been an increase in commercial lending practices that favor suburban development.
• An increase in family income of an average American has raised the living standard.
• Owning a car and paying for gas to transit from suburb to city is affordable for many Americans.
• High property and business taxes in the cities have pushed businessess to the suburbs where taxes are generally low.

The effects of urbanization:

• Populations living in urban sprawls commute to cities in their automobiles. This has resulted in heavier traffic on the roads leading to traffic on the roads leading to traffic congestion, increase in air pollution and automobile related incidents.
• Increasing dependence on automobiles has led the sprawl populationb to use their vehicles even for short distances, such behavior is believed to have led to increases in obesity and hpertension, in the population living in sprawls than those in the city.
• Sprawls have triggered concerns over environmental issues. Houses in sprawls are larger then those in urban centers. This is viewed by some as waste of cultivated land and displacement of wild life. As large area's of land are covered with impervious material, such as concrete, there is less percolation of rainwater to reach the ground water.
• These are believed to cause disintegration of the social capital of America. Houses in the sprawls are big with large backyards that tend to separate neighbors. Hence social interactions among neighbors is much less  in these regions then in cities.
• Due to heavy dependence of people residing in sprawls on automobiles, city planners are compelled to spend more money on larger highways and parking spaces. This is considered as an additional burden on the state treausury as this reduces the area of taxable land.

Despite widespread anti-sprawl sentiments, urban sprawls have their own benefits with a considerable portion of the population preferring to lives in sprawls, housing have become more affordable in cities. Reduced housing costs in sprawls is believed to have provided minorities and recent immigrants better housing opportunities.

Urban Sprawl: Causes and Effects

          William M “Boss” Tweed; Led the Tamany Hall organization in 19^th century, New York City; Died in jail in 1878. He was accused of stealing between $75mill-$200mill as he was trying to control city politics in New York City.

Tom Pendergast; Every city had a political boss by 1890, or was in the process of getting one. Sixty years after this, political machines started to fail and the bosses were in trouble.

How political bosses corrupted city governments:

Political Bosses were an influence on presidential politics. The political bosses and their organizations had jobs, and hospitality that were available for those who voted for them. Usually, they targeted poor people that had no other option. They did their job of preventing violence and cleaning up neighborhoods, but this was all to get votes and to keep themselves in power. They were unaware that by doing this, they were helping hold cities together. In most cases, the bosses paid other citizens to vote for them, the more he paid to vote; the higher his chance was of winning that election. Once they are in office, they ignore their duties and keep themselves in power. Most of these people end up taking money for themselves. Although, the bosses manipulated these people for money, they were needed for the rapid development of cities.

 Spoils system; After winning an election, a political party gives government jobs to those who vote for them as a bribe to get them to keep working for the party as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit, “behind the scenes” control, and longstanding political ties within the structure of a representative democracy.

 Political Machine: A political machine is run by its boss and his workers. This machine takes place when city governments have failed to provide certain needs to its residents.

Here is some background of what a bonanza farm is.

     Bonanza farms were very large farms that perform large-scale operations, mostly growing and harvesting wheat.  Its practically a huge acreage of land by the Northern Pacific Railroad, the contents made at these farms usually go to investors out of town. Most people who owned these farms often didn't even work at them or set fot on them. They hired farm managers and migrant workers formed the core of the work place. The workers usually kept the farm running, because they were always there doing things. During the growing season they needed hundreds and sometimes thousands of workers on the farm because there was so much that needed to get done.

   Farmers were often pioneering the development of farm technology and ecoomics. The steam engines were used for motive power in plowing as much as 40 years before the modern farm tractor first made its appearance. Plows and combine harvestors were drawn by steam tractors were prowling the landscape in the 1880's and 1890's, well before mechanization of the smaller midwestern farms. The division of labor was apllied in bonanza farms generations before family farrms adapted these modern ways. Farm boys from the mid-west, working on these farms in the early 1900's, transplanted these idea's to Corn Belt homesteads and built larger farms as te century progressed.

   The military also influenced these farms as well. In the late 1880's the Civil War was still fresh in the minds of many American's. Nationalism was also high and military was an institution to be emanulated. On a typical bonanza farm the military's impact was easy to see. With as many as 100 workers living on a single farm, efficiency was the rule of the day.

  The Northern Pacific Railroad had no assets other then the great amounts of land obtained from the Government Land Grant. Land was sold in large parcels to wealthy investors to raise funds for the railroad to pay its debts and to continue the construction of the railraod to the West Coast. The wealthy investors became the absentee owners of thousands of acres of land, mainly to the Red River Valley of Minnesota and the Dakota territory. Hired managers and foreman operated the farms, hiring a permanent crew if workers wasn't exactly easy. During the busy seasons of planting and harvesting they also had to hire more workers, mostly migrant workers. Farms were very successful and were making money fast, they were making the Red River Valley the largest wheat producing area in the United States.

  With time over farming exhausted the land crop production and the cheap work from the migrants was decreasing. These large farms that produced only one crop were not able to weather the booms and busts of grain markets and were no longer profitable places of work. The land was sold off to smaller farms and the era of the bonanza farm ended in the 1920's. 

Resources:

Industrial revolution: A period of great and sudden changes.

Agriculture: railroad building increased. Advanced machines for farming were in use. This caused soild to degenerate, increasing space for farming, which in fact, left animals with no place to go. Water shortages, contaminated drinking water, marine pollution, deforestation, harmful waste, were all serious threats to the people, and wild life. Mostly, occuring in Asia. Mechanization as it does in factories, didn't necessarily shorten the work load for farmers. Numerous amounts of oil spills from petrochemical tankers upset the ecological balance and caused pollution and hazardous living habitats for birds and other animals.

Population: in industrialized contries, the people moved from rural areas to urban areas, which increased pollution. Northern farming was sex-typed; except under cirtain circumstances. After pioneering days, those who were farming women did not labor in the fields. Sex did not matter in the South. Laboring was never harder, with work being an average of 68 hours a week, in 1900; 12 hours loner than industrial workers; in 1850 the difference being only 6 hours. California's population was up to over a million by 1890. 1/2 lived in San Fransico. City services failed to keep up with the increasing amount of population.

Fortune seekers who moved down to california, changed everything. Mineral wealth poured in.

Damage to the working class: Education was scarce. For children, most the time the machines they worked on required little or no training. They would grow up with these jobs, not learning that there is room for self improvement. The children were seen as things that were there to be used, not as humans. Abuse to children was even worse than that of adults.

This is what the entrepreneurs want. A working class that is willing to work long hours for less pay. The workers needed to be taught enough to run their machine but not smart enough to know the difference between right and wrong when it came to rights. This is because; the employer’s did not care for rights. If one got hurt they would simply fire them and hire the next. The workers were not taught safety rules, or how to run the machines properly. They thought that if they had informed them of the dangers, the workers would gain fear of the machines and not want to work. The workers were only taught enough to wok the machines. As the technology improves the education expands.

the dramitic increse of life expectancy and hence population, since the industrial revolution can be atributed to what may be called old enviormental . the modern medicine and sanitation and increasng wealthy capitilism society affordable soap cast iron sewer pipe indoor plumbing sewer system and water treatment plants have all contributed to our will balance.

the revoloution of factory work everyone is ruled by a clck telling them when to start and to finish. laborors have always labored at their own pace. but equally important to was the relationship between the product and the workers. there were alot of tasks to be done in the factroy. some people take the jy out of working.overviewers seldom visitited the factoy floor.

the east economy has been growing strong most in recent years and enviormental stresses have been building up rapidly. then the boundry of air polution water shortages.

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    In the late 1800's more machinery was being used and replacing hundreds of manual workers. Since all the machines were 'high tech' in those days they were producing more hazardous waste, the waste was going into the soil, air, and our water ways. This began the path to major damage in our environment. It was against Environmental Compliance Laws to dump any type of waste such as chemical sludges and end waste. More chemical disasters were occuring. By the late 1950's lakes and ponds were being poisoned and it was upsetting the ecological balance in areas with hazardous soil plumes from chemical runoff. Most contaminates were in the air, this was altering the breeding patterns of many birds and other animals. The realization that the Industrial Revolution, with its breakneck speed of production of chemicals, plastics, asbestos, and numerous other hazardous materials, was directly responsible. This initiated the establishments of environmental watchdog government groups.

    While the Industrial Revolution continued to impact the environment, oil spills from large petrochemical tankers destroyed whole bodies of water. With that came hazardous health and ecological balance. The releases of these toxic gases from coal-fired energy facilities increased lung ailments in humans. The environment was under siege, as a direct result from the Industrial Revolution.With time anti-environmentalists were denying the correlation between air, water, and soil pollution and increases in greenhouse gases and the Ozone layer was getting smaller. While indisriminate maneuvering by government officials was happening more and more people were finding loopoles in the environmental compliance laws, and they were doing so at the risk of further damaging our environment.

     The neutralization of compliance regulations plus continued denial of ecological damage equals planetary destruction. That is the reason behind every company and its the reason why all companies should comply with all the environmental rules and regulations no matter what their products are. Human contamination of the earths atmosphere has existed since humans first began to use fire for their everyday lives. The mining and smelting of ores that accompanied the transition from stone age to the metal age resulted in wastes that spread potentially toxic elements such as lead, mercury, and nickel throughout the environment.

     In the United States the greatest source of pollution is the industrial community. According to the 2000 Toxics Releass Inventory of the United States Environmental Protection Agency over 6.5 billion tons of toxic chemicals from 2000 industrial facilities are annually released into our environment, including 45,360 million pounds of recognized carcinogens. Pollution was and is still becoming a major problem. With the introduction of the steam engine and a series of technological advances that led to the production of goods shifting from homes and small factories. The invention of more productive processes to manufacture  cotton textiles contributed to many mills which in turn create pollution.

Inventor: Sir Henry Bessemer
Birth: January, 18, 1813 in Charlton, Hertfordshire, England
Death: March 15, 1898 in London, England
Nationality: British


The Bessemer process was the first industrial process for the mass production, that was inexpensive. Which, Henry Bessemer was the inventor of. It made possible the manufacture of large of large amounts of high quality steel. It supported industries with cheap steal. Also, helped spur on the industrial revolution. Including, helped to build railroads tracks, bridge girders, locomotives, armor plating, etc. It was essential to the development of sky scrapers. It was made from molten pig iron.
William Kelly, had also had been working on an invention similar to one of Bessemer's. But, had gone through bankruptcy and sold it to Henry. Henry used this and combined it with his invention.
Bessemer patented "a decarbonization process, utilizing a blast of air" in 1855.
William held a patent for "a system of air blowing the carbon out of pig iron" a method of steel production known as the pneumatic process of steel making.
Bessemer was knighted in 1879 for his contribution to science.